Participation of Juveniles in Deviant Behavior Essay Example for Free

Participation of Juveniles in Deviant Behavior Essay From the very dawn of the formation of civil communities, some types of behavior had been classified as unlawful and had been discouraged. Even the earliest legislations had inflicted punishment for infringement of the extant laws, in wider interests of their society. This practice has continued to this day and it is common knowledge as to what does or does not constitute unacceptable or deviant behavior. Deviance has been described as the breach of the cultural standards and one such instance is crime. An important subset of crime is juvenile delinquency or crimes committed by juveniles. Juvenile deviant behavior occurs due to a number of causes and some of these are a disturbed home environment, difficulty in adjusting to the school environment that results in discontinuing school and in poor academic performance and associating with immoral persons. Traditionally, the perspective of criminology has been restricted to the contravention of laws laid down by society. On the other hand, research in the context of deviancy has adopted a much wider perspective and labels any abnormality that is socially prohibited as being deviant. Accordingly, the use of obscenities in speech, mingling with antisocial element and alcoholism constitute deviant behavior. In other words, the sociological approach to deviance encompasses the restricted perspective of traditional criminology (Deviant Behaviour , 1994). The various steps that culminate in the establishment of deviant identity are ignominy, social rejection, and membership of a subculture that is deviant and assumption of a deviant role. The assumption is that social processes act in such a manner that the individual is compelled to assume a deviant role, because of the exclusion of the more conventional positions. The result of the adoption of such a deviant role is that the individual may become a member of a deviant subculture and may eventually adorn the role of permanent deviancy (Deviant Behaviour , 1994). Some of the major causes for socially deviant behavior amongst juveniles have been identified, by researchers, as childhood abuse, neglect and trauma. The abuse of narcotic substances has been considered to be the root cause of trauma in juveniles and most of the juveniles in detention were either addicted to drugs or had been addicted to drugs prior to incarceration. Furthermore, poverty has been found to be closely associated with violent crime and homicide. It was observed in many ghettos in the US that the crime rate was on the increase wherever there was economic deprivation, whereas there was a reduction in crime rates in areas located outside these ghettos (Blank, 1997. P. 47). It had been opined by the chief of the child development and behavior branch of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development or the NIH that crime, pregnancy amongst teenagers, discontinuation of school and substandard academic performance were caused by the lack of adequate reading skills. Moreover, various research projects that had been conducted in the past, had established that a dearth of reading skills had a direct bearing on the proliferation of juvenile delinquency (Hodges, Giuliotti, Porpotage, 1994). In 1951, a survey conducted by Melvin Roman, revealed that approximately eighty  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ five percent of those who were receiving treatment in the clinic attached to the New York City Children’s Court, had impaired reading skills. It was also stated by many authorities that detained juveniles were invariably characterized by academic achievement that was unsatisfactory (Hodges, Giuliotti, Porpotage, 1994). Economic deprivation produces a variety of deviant behavior in juveniles, who fall victim to anger, apathy, ignorance and desperation. Ignorance prevents juveniles from taking advantage of the education system to obtain skills that could prove to be adequately remunerative and this in turn results in discontinuation of schooling. Moreover, some of these juveniles might have parents who indulge in the abuse of drugs and this could embolden them to undertake risks that could prove fatal, in order to experience pleasure for a small duration of time.

Nuestra Familia Essay -- Violence

A gang is an organized group with a recognized leader whose activities are either criminal or, at the very least, threatening to the community. (Walker, 2011) Throughout history there have been some infamous gangs that have gotten media attention and others that have gone under the radar. One of the more underground gang structures are prison gangs. The Nuestra Familia may not be in the news as much anymore compared to other gangs, but they are nothing to be taken lightly. Prison gangs have been around since the late 20th century and only seem to be getting stronger if nothing is going to be done to prevent them. Gangs in prison have members in and out of prison. One of the more popular gangs that has been gaining steam recently is the mainly Hispanic gang La Nuestra Familia. The purpose of this paper is to write about the history of the NF, the structure in which it operates, and some good preventative tactics that could prevent prison gangs from becoming stronger. Nuestra Familia (NF, Spanish for Our Family) was created in the late 1960’s at the Soledad Correction Training Facility in California. (NF 2011) Nuestra Familia was created because some of the Spanish inmates had gotten tired of the abuse handed out by the Mexican Mafia to fellow Mexicans. (Nuestra Family (2011)) Nuestra Familia was created as protection from the Mexican Mafia for young Mexican-American from rural areas. The first members of Nuestra Familia were strictly from Northern or Central California. (NF 2011) The all-out prison war between the Mexican Mafia and Nuestra Familia occurred in 1968 when Sonny Pena was stabbed to death by a member of the Mexican Mafia at San Quentin state prison. The recruitment for the two gangs split California in two. ... ...reventionservices.org/nf.asp Nuestra familia . (2001, March 15). Retrieved from http://www.gangs187.com/lanuestrafamilia.html Geniella, M. Us ca: inside pelican bay. (2009, February 05). Retrieved from http://www.mapinc.org/drugnews/v01/n707/a04.html Morales, G. (2007). Nuestra Familia. Retrieved from http://www.gangpreventionservices.org/nf.asp Nuestra Familia. (2005). Retrieved from http://prisonoffenders.com/nuestra_familia.html Nuestra Familia. (2011). The History Channel website. Retrieved 2:17, December 4, 2011, from http://www.history.com/shows/gangland/articles/nuestra-familia. The History Channel. (Producer) (2008). Blood in, blood out [Television series episode]. In Gangland. New York: History. Retrieved from Reynolds, J. (2008, July 1). Nuestra familia: Our family. Retrieved from http://www.nuestrafamiliaourfamily.com/pages/glossary.html

Effect of Rapid Urbanization on Housing

THE IMPACT OF RAPID URBANIZATION ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA FROM 1950 -2010 (Focus on urban developments and housing problems case study: Lagos) Urbanization according to Aluko O. E is rather subjective and can be given various interpretations. However in this concept it can be defined as the expansion of the number of people living in an urban area that depicts the rate at which people move from rural areas and populate the urban areas.Reports however, from the united nation show that the population at the urban centres has multiplied four times its initial growth since 1960 and would have risen to a projected number of about 5 billion in the year 2030. Report also has it that over 70 per cent of these populations would settle in cities and towns. Following independence, many administrative centres experienced major unplanned rapid urbanization .The ripple effect of these on cities being the core of urban development is enormous especially on the housing development which has eventually resulted in overcrowding, inadequate dwellings, deplorable urban environment, degrading public infrastructure, and to an extreme, â€Å"outright homelessness† (Adesoji David Jiboye, 2011) . Nonetheless, According to Femi Olokesusi, 2011 quoting Onibokun et. al. 1987) and Onibolun and Kumuyi (1999), assert that various political and socio-economic factors have resulted in rapid growth of urban population resulting in informal settlements, poor housing and slums in Nigeria. The rate of influx of people into major cities has been so high that the pace of settlement development and housing provision could not accommodate them. Since they must have shelter, all forms of informal procedures are adopted to provide housing. This has resulted in non-compliance with physical planning regulations and development control standards.Thus there have been cases of incompatibility of land use activities, overcrowding (due to high occupancy ratio, high density of development), poor construction standards (due to use of substandard building materials and construction methods), and ill-serviced dwelling Units, among others. The impact of rapid population growth however, on urban development and conditions is far more than merely a demographic or quantitative one especially on housing development as a whole which is a direct consequence of the push of the rural areas and the pull of the town.Current studies however indicate that the impact of rapid urbanization in terms of housing is revealed both in its quantity and quantity such that the little number of available houses is being overloaded infrastructurally and spatially leading to a reduction in the level of comfort and a rapid development in the number of slums being created and the level of substandard houses being built in an unplanned and unhealthy environment.However, the level of impact on the adequacy of housing has been compounded particularly by the high rate of population growth, through influx of immigrants, exaggerated real estate values etc. Nonetheless, housing according to Aduwo 2011, Daramola 2006 et al is the measure of the level of housing inadequacy and its quality. According to pelu Awofeso, one out of every two Nigerians now live in a city leaving limited infrastructure to be engulfed by millions of individuals.In his report he stated that 16 million housing units would have to be provided to address the shortage in urban shelters since the inflow of people supersedes the rate at which affordable housing is being constructed. Housing however, according to Abbas Olukunmi Owoade, 2007 quoting Tannerfeldt and Ljung ‘06)does not only relate to provision of houses but also basic infrastructure of a neighbourhood as well as schools clinics , recreational facilities and other amenities. CASE STUDY:LAGOSThe city of Lagos was first inhibited before the 15th century and grew from a typical small fishing and farming settlement due to certain factors such as, the constru ction of the railway in 1895 that linked the city, the hinterland and the port with the development of the Lagos harbour. In the twinkle of an eye, Lagos became the centre of trade and commerce bringing migrants from every nook and cranny. As the population increased so did the spatial expansion which posed a great deal of problems especially housing development. kehinde George, 2002). Population explosion in lagos became noticeable after 1950 amongst other reason, it was the national capital and in ’67 became a state on its own attracting funds from both the federal and state government there by introducing more migrants. However, Over 90 per cent of the typical housing standard is being provided by the private sector and individual efforts bringing about a gap between its demand and supply finding expression in the cost of rented values that eventually leads to vercrowding, growth of slums and rise in the number of substandard housing (Owoade,Abiodun ‘97). Two major f actors that accounted for the rapid growth in lagos can tied to net migration and natural increase According to the old United Nations university website, prior to 1928, planned residential areas in Lagos were limited. They included Ikoyi, which was a reservation area for expatriates who were colonial administrators and executives of foreign firms, and had a population of 4,000, or 3 per cent of the population of the city in 1931.Apapa, Ebute Meta, and Yaba, with a combined population of 22,000, or 17 per cent of the total, also had some element of planning, in the sense that road networks in Ebute Meta and Yaba were laid out on a grid and residential development was confined to the blocks within the road pattern. On Lagos Island, apart from the areas around the racecourse and marina, the indigenous housing was unplanned and was left to develop haphazardly, with houses built quite close together.Such overcrowded, unhealthy housing and poor environmental conditions stimulated the rap id spread of influenza epidemics and bubonic plague, which ravaged the city between 1924 and 1930. These led to the emergence, in 1928, of the pioneer planning authority in Nigeria, the Lagos Executive Development Board (LEDB), which embarked on slum clearance and the relocation of families from the Island to the Mainland (Oko Awo scheme) and since then, the activities of planning authorities have assumed considerable importance in metropolitan Lagos.The government of Nigeria has interceded at different times to solve housing problems with particular focus on Lagos by providing housing units as well as establishing site and service programmes to make available plots of lands to individual to build their own houses, the period 1979-1983 under the Jakande administration witnessed a massive housing development programme. evertheless, These programmes had little impact in that it provided limited number of housing units with a major setback in the year 1994 due to increase in price of b uilding materials. Thus, making a considerable number of Lagosians lack â€Å"shelter† a basic need of human existence. The wide gap between the supply of and the demand for has operated in escalating house rents, rent edict were promulgated to reduce this hardship by working population .In 1973 for instance the mid-west state government proclaimed an edict which limited the maximum rent payable on dwelling units. However, such edicts have not been effective in arresting increase in house rents (Josephine Abiodun,1976) Planned housing schemes in metropolitan Lagos |Housing agency |Scheme |Remarks | |Lagos Executive Development |Slum clearance of Central Lagos, 1955 to|1,847 families housed in Surulere. ,337 families resettled | |Board, 1955 -1975 |early 1960s, Olowogbowo Rehousing |in low-income rented houses. Subsidized by Ministry of Lagos| | |Scheme, Lagos Housing Scheme |Affairs | |   |Other housing schemes in Surulere |14,537 family units (dwellings) provided.In all, 128,800 | | | |people were provided with housing | |Lagos State Development and |Resettlement of slum dwellers from |1,000 families housed | |Property Corporation (LSDPC), |Central Lagos to Ogba and low-income | | |1972-1979 |housing in Isolo | | |Federal housing |Under 1975-1980 and 1981-1985 plan |6,000 housing units | | |periods | | |LSDPC, 1979 to date |Low-income housing |16,878 housing units | |   |Medium-income housing |1,790 housing units | Source: LSDPCIn Lagos, like elsewhere in Nigeria the access to privately owned housing units through traditional channels has made it immensely possible for a relatively large number of people to be house owners at certain cost which includes the sale of the same plot to more than one buyer owing to a lack of a comprehensive land register and sometimes conflict over rights of ownership between the state and private individuals or family groups or between members of families â€Å"omo onile† (owoade, abiodun ‘97). However , over 60% of these residents are under a tenement kind of arrangement constructed by â€Å"absentee landlord† with this kind of arrangement ending abruptly due to unforeseen evictions(Owoade, abiodun et al) The issue of land acquisition at the same time is far more complex because government acquired land is rarely made available or affordable for the average or even made accessible due to lack of basic infrastructure.Alternatively, in order to live closer to job opportunities there’s need for settling in centrally located pieces of abandoned land left due to unsuitability for housing either for being along railway paths or under high tension electric cable or marshy lands. (Owoade ’07, Tannerfeldt and Ljung 2006). David Owoade in his report emphatically stated that the Problems of rapid urbanization have increased and become more glaring as the cities expand and many attempts to curb these problems have not achieved the desired results. Housing continued to be supplied through informal self-help landlords and a majority of tenants live in homes with unsecured tenure while many holders find home in slums and shantytowns. Examples include Ajegunle, Makoko, Badiya, Maroko etc.Those that have been fortunate enough to build their houses on the periphery of the cities (ota in sango) have to live without basic services and infrastructures such as clean water, sewers, electricity and roads. In 1976, it was estimated that 111000 residential houses were available in Lagos to provide accommodation for a population of 3. 2 million keeping it at an average of 28 persons per building. By 19080, it had gotten worse with 30 persons living in a building and it was further projected that 2 per cent of the population lived in self-contained buildings leaving the remaining 98 % to rooming accommodations connoting shared facilities like the kitchen and the toilet.It was further estimated that by the year 2000, a total number of 1. 5 million housing units wou ld be needed to cater to fast growing population. It is no surprise that there is no more land for the government to build that they have resulted in sand filling of certain areas ( Raji Rasaki, 1988). However an updated article by lookman oshodi,2010 quoting the Lagos ministry of housing 2010 brings the demography to a total number of 91% of the total population living in the metropolis, about 20,000 persons per square kilometre in the built up areas. The occupancy ratio however are 8-10 persons per room with 72. 5% of household occupying one room apartment’s . ince the rate of growth in Lagos has assumed a geometric progression the provision of houses has never been commensurate leading to decay in structure either by quantity or quality. Hence, multiplying the number of inhibited slums from 42 in the year 1985 to over a hundred in 2010. (slums and squatter settlement)also, this â€Å"urban poor† pay house rents that are almost 50-70% of their income since most accom modations as earlier said are provided by private landlords. Thus, dividing the metropolis into classes such as low income/high density, medium income/medium density, high income /low density. (Lawanson 2007, lookman oshodi 2010) The population in Lagos seems to growing each day with its problems. onetheless, according to aduwo,2011 quoting (Okupe, 2002; Oruwari, 2006), Public housing was birthed as a solution to the proliferation of slums and squatter settlements but Housing specialists have revealed that public housing has failed to provide decent housing, claiming that it has succeeded in segregating tenants by income, race, and that it has isolated residents from the larger community. However, all these problems have resulted in overcrowding of buildings leaving room for no access, urban sprawl, lack of open spaces, high cost of building materials etc. [pic] Population in lagos Source: case study of lagos:geography and climate [pic] Source: case study of lagos:geography and clim ate Reference 1.MANAGING METROPOLITAN LAGOS ,Raji Rasaki ,Inaugural Programme of the Africa leadership forum, 1988 2. HOUSING TRANSFORMATION AND ITS IMPACT ON NEIGHBOURHOODS IN SELECTED LOW-INCOME PUBLIC HOUSING ESTATES IN LAGOS, NIGERIA: A PhD Thesis: Egidario Bridgette ADUWO,2011 3. THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON HOUSING DEVELOPMENT: The Lagos Experience, Nigeria. ;Aluko O. E; Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management ; Vol. 3 No. 3 2010 4. PUBLIC HOUSING DELIVERY IN NIGERIA: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES; World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design south Africa, L. M Olayiwola, O Adeleye & L Ogunshakin, 2005 5.CHALLENGES AND GROWTH OF DEVELOPMET IN METROPLOLITAN LAGOS, archive. unu. edu/unupress/unupbooks; old United Nations university website. 6. ANALYSIS OF THE INTERPLAY OF MIGRATION AND URBAN EXPANSION, ON HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT: THE CASE OF LAGOS by Okuneye P. A, Adebayo, K, Opeolu B. T. and F. I. Baddru; University of Agricultu re, Abeokuta and University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria 7. LAGOS: THE CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF AN EMERGENT AFRICAN MEGA CITY by Femi Olokesusi Paper Presented at the NISER Seminar Series on 5 July, 2011 8. HOUSING PROBLEMS IN NIGERIAN CITIES, Josephine Olu. Abiodun, reprinted from the town planning review, vol. 47, no. 4, October, 1976.

Zinc And Alzheimer s Disease - 1730 Words

Aluminium and Alzheimer’s Disease You may well know that aluminium, along with a number of other contaminants, can be found in your drinking water but did you know why it’s in your drinking water? More importantly, do you know if it’s even safe? Aluminium is already present in our soil and as a result will be found in untreated sources of drinking water such as wells. On top of this, aluminium compounds are also used to help remove any impurities at water treatment works. Aluminium happens to be very useful in the battle against cloudiness and bacterial content before the water enters the final stages of disinfection and treatment however, as a result of its use a residual amount remains in the water supply. The legal standard for†¦show more content†¦On post mortem, her brain was found to contain extremely high levels of Aluminium. To give you an idea of just how high; Carole Cross’s brain contained roughly 23 micrograms of aluminium for every gram of brain compared to what are consider ed normal levels of 0-2micrograms per gram of brain. Professor Chris Exley was the man called in to carry out the examination on her brain and as a result of the findings was convinced that aluminium and Alzheimer’s disease were linked quite strongly with the metal playing a vital role in the early onset and hurried progression of the neurological disease. Professor Chris Exley, a world famous aluminium expert, had hoped the inquest would highlight just how little we know about the safety of one of the most prolific metals on the planet. Prof Exley has explained that aluminium, added to nearly everything we eat, drink, inject and absorb is classed as a neurotoxin at high levels. Yet despite this, no one actually knows whether the amount of aluminium we’re ingesting is a safe amount. In spite of hundreds of publications demonstrating that the aluminum isn’t safe, there haven’t been any real investigations into the subject of aluminium accumulation in the body. Exley, a professor of Inorganic Chemistry at Keele University, Staffordshire, has been researching the subject of aluminium for over a quarter of a century. Accumulation of aluminium; a riskShow MoreRelatedEssential Nutrients For Creating Healthy Brains862 Words   |  4 Pagesmolecules). Higher levels of vitamin E correspond with less cognitive decline as you get older and also delay the progression of Alzheimer. Vitamin K Vitamin K can help to prevent Alzheimer’s. One of the major functions of vitamin K is to regulate calcium in bones and in the brain age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer s disease. Thiamin Thiamin (B1) helps the body convert carbohydrates into energy nervous system to function properly. 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